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US Navy technician Cosmo Arnold approaching the Chinese purse seiner Jin Liao Yu 77 off Nauru last month. (US Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 3rd Class Emiline L M Senn)
US Navy technician Cosmo Arnold approaching the Chinese purse seiner Jin Liao Yu 77 off Nauru last month. (US Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 3rd Class Emiline L M Senn)

SocietyMarch 30, 2016

How China’s illegal fishing armada is plundering the South Pacific

US Navy technician Cosmo Arnold approaching the Chinese purse seiner Jin Liao Yu 77 off Nauru last month. (US Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 3rd Class Emiline L M Senn)
US Navy technician Cosmo Arnold approaching the Chinese purse seiner Jin Liao Yu 77 off Nauru last month. (US Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 3rd Class Emiline L M Senn)

Illegal fishing, much of it by China, is costing some of the world’s smallest and poorest nations hundreds of millions of dollars. Why isn’t New Zealand doing more about the blatant theft in its backyard, asks Michael Field.

It would have been a tense moment or two for Captain Wang Chang Fu when, in the middle of the Pacific, his ship was boarded by armed men from an American guided missile destroyer.

That the men and women boarding the Chinese flagged purse seiner Jin Liao Yu 77 were from the USS William P. Lawrence only made it stranger.

Inside Nauru’s exclusive economic zone (EEZ), the warship searched eight Chinese boats under a rarely used security operation that can turn American warships into fisheries patrol vessels for Pacific Island nations.

The US 7th Fleet says no violations were found on Wang’s skipjack tuna boat. The 32 crew had been “cordial and intrigued by US presence in the region”, they said.

US Navy technician Cosmo Arnold approaching the Chinese purse seiner Jin Liao Yu 77 off Nauru last month. (US Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 3rd Class Emiline L M Senn)
US Navy technician Cosmo Arnold approaching the Chinese purse seiner Jin Liao Yu 77 off Nauru last month. (US Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 3rd Class Emiline L M Senn)

The US seldom checks out the South Pacific and Washington is mostly ignoring the region. But things might be changing.

China’s deep water fishing armada, the largest in the world, is plundering the South Pacific. Just as they are wiping out Africa’s elephants to make ivory chess-pieces and India’s tigers to fight off impotence, they are rapaciously taking as much tuna as they think they can get away with, including endangered species.

Inside esoteric fishing rights conferences it is common knowledge that China’s new and powerful boats could within a decade destroy the $3 billion a year Pacific tuna industry.

Since 2012 the Chinese Pacific fishing fleet has grown 528 per cent.

With heavy subsidies, it is Chinese state policy to make it worthwhile for their fleets to go after the last fish.

But Pacific nations, beholden to Beijing for the Lego-like buildings popping up in their capitals, are mostly silent, as was shown recently in Auckland at the release of a report written for the Forum Fisheries Agency by Australian consultants MRAG Asia Pacific on illegal, unregulated and unreported (IUU) tuna fishing in the Pacific.

IUU fishing was said to be worth US$616.11 million each year or 20 per cent of the annual catch. It’s like every person on Tuvalu was robbed of US$4400 a year.

Nowhere did the report say who the thief was and officials, when asked, blushed and preferred not to say. That’s because it is China, with the worst culprits their hundreds of new longliners.

Armed with 3000 hooks on 100 kilometre lines, longliners target albacore and yellow fin. Silky and whitetip sharks are a favourite “by-catch”, their fins kept and the rest dumped.

Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission data shows 68 per cent of the 480 registered longliners are Chinese. Most of the rest, flying Pacific flags, are Chinese-owned. Twenty-one per cent of the Pacific purse seiners are Chinese and their numbers are growing rapidly. You can buy them on Alibaba.com.

The scale of Chinese abuse of the tuna fishery is easily tracked but often ignored.

Two years ago the China Tuna Industry Group launched an IPO on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange seeking US$150 million for fleet expansion. Its prospectus said it had for years breached international fisheries agreements and broke quotas. It said there was no risk of them being held responsible, so investors need not worry.

That proved correct.

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Then there was the case of two Aucklanders game fishing out of Vava’u in Tonga in November 2012. They caught a blue marlin reckoned around 75 kilograms. They tagged and released it. Two years later the same fish, weighing 158 kg, was caught by Chinese longliner Rong Da Yong. Dead, it was dumped overboard, but not before the tag was collected and posted away to redeem a US$20 reward.

Game-fish charter boat operator Henk Gros has been tagging marlin for over two decades.

“I wonder why we even bother; they get slaughtered by the tuna longliners. The longliners north of us are stripping the tuna. They are taking the whole base chain out of the ocean.”

A European Parliament report on China says the “activities and catches of the Chinese distant water fleets are almost completely undocumented and unreported, and often … may actually be illegal, thus spanning the entire gamut of IUU fishing”.

China’s plunder is global but I will only use one incident to illustrate it, if only because I had a modest involvement in it, thanks to my book The Catch. Rumour was about that Chinese boats were near the search zone for the Malaysian Airlines’ missing MH370 in the southern Indian Ocean. Research suggested they were longliners and Sea Shepherd’s MV Steve Irwin, with the soft spoken Bengali Sid Chakravarty on the helm, went for a look. They found Chinese flagged Fu Yuan Yu 76 using a hundreds of kilometres-long driftnet, killing everything in its path.

They were flagrantly violating a 1991 United Nations resolution banning driftnets longer than 2.5 kilometres. New Zealanders should feel affronted: the UN ban derives from the 1989 Wellington Convention banning South Pacific driftnetting. That convention was the product of Geoffrey Palmer.

Fu Yuan Yu ran with Sea Shepherd chasing. As they near China the People’s Liberation Army Navy showed up. The story is still playing out.

In March the Argentine Navy sank a fleeing Chinese squid boat Lu Yan Yuan Yu 010 which had refused to stop after being caught fishing in the EEZ. Beijing has threatened retaliation.

The same month, Indonesia tried to arrest a Chinese fishing boat caught off the Natuna Islands. A China Coast Guard cutter rammed the Indonesian vessel, preventing it from making an arrest. Beijing say the place is their “traditional fishing grounds”.

And this is could be the fate of the South Pacific.

The hundreds of boats, crewed with cheap South East Asian labour and tanked up with subsidized fuel, are not actually profitable. Their strategy is to build up a presence ahead of the time South Pacific nations wake up and want to protect their waters. The Chinese will show their “fishing record” and before you know it, even the Lau Basin, between Tonga and Fiji, will have become Beijing’s “traditional fishing grounds”.

New Zealand and Pacific nations are hoping that electronic technology will frustrate China’s IUU fishing. They can get observers onto the bigger purse seiner boats, but few observers are willing to travel on the smaller, rougher longliners. They have transponders on the longliners so they know where the boats are likely to be (even if they get switched off a lot). Now the idea is remote-controlled cameras on longliner decks.

Beijing has mostly purchased South Pacific political silence over the issue. There is a strong and rank stench of corruption in many a capital as well. The region needs new leaders ready to challenge China over what it is doing.

And our politicians and diplomats should be speaking out, embarrassing the Chinese, backed with a better stick: a significantly improved Defence Force capability out in the South Pacific and Southern Ocean.

While Wellington is fond of lending one of our two frigates to the Red Sea pirate patrols, the navy’s fisheries work is pathetic. This was proven in January last year when a boarding crew from the offshore patrol boat HMNZS Wellington sought to board one of three toothfish pirate ships in the Southern Ocean.

Its Spanish skipper told them to bugger off. Short on fuel and having fired off most of their ammunition in target practice a week earlier, the navy meekly obeyed. Sea Shepherd did the job.

The air force’s P3K Orions are terrific at Pacific patrols, but they seldom fly them. Short on crews and budget restraints, their time is mostly spent on search and rescue. Refighting the Cold War, they actually still go looking for submarines now and again.

The message should be that the Chinese threat is not under the water; it’s on it. How long before the PLA Navy sends vessels out here to support their fishing fleets like they do in Indonesian waters?

We need more aircraft or even long range drones.

The New Zealand Defence Force – now passively describing itself as a “force for good” – needs new Pacific range capable vessels. Not just the two we have now, but a fleet of them. We need to be seen out there, boarding, inspecting and making it clear that the waters are the “traditional fishing grounds” of the people of the Pacific.

Fishing skippers need solid grounds to believe that their chances of being boarded and inspected are high. Right now the odds of it happening are up there with seeing the Great White Whale.

And why should we worry about the wider Pacific?

It’s intriguing to look at what happens near the Kermadecs, about to become one of the world’s biggest marine sanctuaries. Just outside the EEZ, Chinese and Spanish (an emerging but still small fleet here) longliners “fish the line”, taking as much of the migratory tuna that they can grab before it reaches New Zealand’s safe waters.

We are being too friendly to folk who are trying to invent a new right to steal the Pacific’s common wealth.

Keep going!
Crying Through Happy Hour3

SocietyMarch 29, 2016

The right-to-die debate as viewed from a rest home

Crying Through Happy Hour3

A select committee review into assisted dying is coming up, and all signs point to a foregone conclusion. Former caregiver Talia Marshall recalls her time working in a rest home, where the debate has a very different meaning.

I remember trying to a watch a VHS copy of Anne of Green Gables with my grandparents in my grandads second to last room. His catheter bag went drip drip drip and Nana attended to it with the fanaticism particular to retired nurses.

Anne was a TV series we had first watched together in between The Lotto. It was 1987 then. I thought grey and pink looked good together. I also thought my grandparents were the two most wonderful people in the world, my own kindred spirits. I could not tell that Marilla was going to soften towards Ann with an e because of their constant benevolence. I did not know that Lucy Maud Montgomery ended up killing herself.

Glendhu Bay, Wanaka. 13 April, 2013. Photo: Talia Marshall.

Glendhu Bay, Wanaka. 13 April, 2013. Photo: Talia Marshall.

In 2009 I was working as a laundress in the rest home that housed the room my grandad was slowly dying in. This was my first ever proper job. I was 30. I took great self-punishing heart in the term laundress. I listened to the Nutters Club while I waited for the tea towels to dry and wondered if Mike King would be as fun now he was off the waste. After I got home I read a novel a night so I could leave my body and keep up with Kim Hill.

While we watched Anne win the Avery I had the strong sensation that my life had gone terribly wrong. I viewed my grandads greater tragedy as being proof of my doom. Good memories were being replaced with terminal adult experiences. Comparatively, Matthews death seemed brief and sweet. Were all going to die, I thought, but I am always thinking that.

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Before I started working there and was just a visiting civilian I didn’t notice much about the people being paid to look after my grandfather. I turned up during happy hour once and cried through it. I do remember a resident who was trapped inside her angora jersey, and one of the girls helping her. Everyone that worked there was called a girl, whatever their age, except the one or two men who chose caregiving and were often viewed with quizzical suspicion by the girls.

The girls were made up of multiple Tinas and Pams. One would be small, one would be big and called as much to her face. And then there were the Indians. This is what they were called by the Tinas and Pams. The Indians (and Filipinos) are the people who we’ve imported to appease our anxieties about the baby boomers impending health crisis. We use and abuse those workers terribly; I find it interesting that so many of them want to live and raise their children here given the racist way we exploit their cultural capital.

Many of these migrants were qualified nurses back home, with operating room experience. This did not mean that they automatically knew how to make a bed or transfer an awake person from a chair to a commode. This used to be the bread and butter of nursing stacking a linen cupboard, practicing hospital corners on sheets and intuitive comfort work with pillows. Imposing order on the chaos of illness. Increasingly, registered nurses spend their time behind medication trolleys dispensing the pharmacological restraints and whims of doctors who don’t necessarily know their patients in the holistic sense at all.

I find it curious that one of Andrew Little’s first moves as Labour leader was to scrap Maryan Street’s euthanasia bill. The suggestion was that Labour ought to be seen less as a social issues party than as a credible political force focused on jobs. But employment is a social issue, and it seems to me that the aged care industry is a microcosm of how our social and economic policies are failing us on multiple levels.

Because this is palliative work, it also intersects with issues of informed consent in relation to death and living. If Streets bill had been introduced years ago, at least the debate around euthanasia and how we care for the dying would have had some oxygen. People in their 50s are right to be frightened about what is going to happen to them when they get old. Many will be watching their own parents become subject to the protracted torture that is institutional life for the elderly, of rotting into a Lazyboy with Hayley Westenra on loop.

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I remember another woman across the corridor from Grandad who I ended up caregiving for after I left the laundry. She had been institutionalised for most of her life and had no family in the city. She had almost no words left, was blind and had a wasting body that was as easy to change as a rag doll.

This was lucky because she had daily bouts of explosive diarrhoea that often required an entire bed change. A nurse mentioned at handover that she was lactose intolerant, which given the amount of thickened milky drinks she was given by the Tinas and Pams would have explained the gastric distress. Imagine if you had no words, could not reach your own cup, and someone was feeding you Milo with flour in it.

Despite what the nurse said, we still fed her Milo. She’d been moved out of her okay room to another, colder one because a resident with a concerned family member had requested sun. So the woman had been shifted to the dark side of the corridor. If we were short staffed, the woman would not be hoisted into her giant pram and be taken out to the communal battlefield of the lounge. She’d stay in bed all day without even the light on her skin. If she was lucky, after one of the Pams or Tinas had changed her sodden shitty “product” they would remember to put the radio on. We were almost always short staffed.

The woman once had an unexplained black eye. Because most of the staff babied and genuinely cared for her there was a bit of gossip about who would be sick enough to hurt her. The woman contributed to this rumour by reportedly muttering, “she hit me”. An unfortunate consequence of the necessary Privacy Act is the lack of knowledge we have about what goes on behind closed doors.

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Ive had enough of this work now. The pay is terrible, bullying is endemic, and when you tell people what you do they get a glazed look and inevitably say it takes a special kind of person to do that job. No it doesn’t, it takes all of us.

It’s the one of the worst paid jobs available to mostly women and vulnerable migrants. At the moment we pay people to do this important mahi at the same rate as those handling blocks of butter on a conveyor belt. That is important work too, but caregiving should never be automated like the self-serve kiosks in supermarkets. I broke a finger once and couldn’t work for seven weeks.

There are some people that I have had the privilege to look after who I will always love and remember, and there are others that I wished would just hurry up and die, who I treated with indifferent hands in my haste to be done with them. In between that spectrum were the reserves of patience and kindness I didnt know I had, that informed my professional practice as a Tina and a Pam.

But those reserves were already running low after five years and now Id rather think and write about this work than deal with actual shit.

This is nothing to do with the people I looked after; its a response to the unjust structures that exist for both workers and residents in aged care facilities. I remember another man who was dying and spent weeks calling out no, no, no as his bed sores and cancer slowly drove him out of his head but not his body.

Ironically it was the protracted nature of his demise that disqualified him from being transferred to a hospice and the genuine five-star palliative care they manage to provide for short periods of time.

I was going through the box of sympathy cards for my grandad after he died and there were two that remain with me. One was a generic card from the Labour Party thanking him for his life-long support and another was from a woman who remembered him as a 12 year old carrying her home up Canongate in Dunedin after she fell off the Mackintosh Caley Phoenix building in MacLaggan St.

Finally a memory to replace the Larkinesque horror of adult experience, those times I saw him spit out antibiotics prescribed for UTIs or pneumonia because they were only extending his bed-ridden despair. These life prolonging measures were agreed to by my nana. She loved him too much to let him go to the heaven she so stridently believes in. I wonder if it’s not so much the right to life that religious people cling to, but the desire to keep degenerating bodies alive forever. In doing so we’re fiddling around the edges of the abyss.

Crying Through Happy Hour3

What does happen when we die? I sit on the metaphysical fence in regards to that bottomless and mysterious question, though it is my go-to conversation opener at parties when I’m not hiding in the bathroom. Crying through happy hour again! But even more perversely: the longer we live, the more frightening death has become.

Because the afterlife is not the important reality at the heart of this problem, it’s how we care for people while they are living that counts. And religious organisations have been doing this mahi for us for years. It’s not really fair to write their theologically based attentiveness off as hocus-pocus as Gareth Morgan did a few days ago on this website.

One of the things I used to specialise in was small pampering acts for residents that made me feel worthy. I was giving a man a foot bath once to soothe his aging scaly feet and he sighed and he said, “Why don’t you just take me out the back and shoot me?” He was partly joking, I guess, knowing that this level of clinical humanity is only applied compassionately to animals.

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The day my grandad died I started working in another Catholic rest home. I was entranced by the notion of being a little sister of the poor, but many of the residents there were actually quite rich and benefited from the mission statement handed down by the French nun Jeanne Jugan, who first carried a vulnerable old woman home on her back.

What they did do spectacularly well at Little Sisters was palliative care: special pillowcases embroidered with flowers, endless tea trolleys filled with scones, cakes and sandwiches to fuel whanau’s duty and love-bound vigils, nuns burning candles in rooms while they sat with people who had no family at all. The whakawhanaungatanga we assume only Māori are capable of.

But the nuns and the workers they paid badly were incapable of dealing with the slow demise that can take weeks, months and years – the process that constitutes many of the non-lives housed within rest homes.

Instead of thinking about jobs, jobs, jobs, like Andrew Little says – lets talk about what kind of job, and how to carry each other out of this place with the grace and kindness of a 12 year old boy with a broken wing in his hand.

My lovely grandfather, who I now like to imagine living in the great white tent of the sky, laughing with the many Māoris from the Church he loved like his own. They are there with him too, singing the lullabies of icebergs.

My Matthew, in the short sleeves of summer and his favourite roman sandals, released.