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PoliticsOctober 10, 2023

Election 2023: The transport policies in two minutes

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Trains, trams, buses and bikes vs roads, roads, and roads: voters are deciding between starkly different visions for the future of transport in New Zealand. Policy.nz has the full version, and here’s ours in two minutes.

See more from our policy in two minutes series here.

How we get around is one of the most important fundamental things governments can influence. 

Good transport is vital to a functioning economy and society: people can access more jobs and connect with others, it means businesses can move their goods around, and our society can more effectively work together to combine resources and ideas. 

Transport decisions have immensely negative consequences too: the Great South Road was built to invade Waikato, big projects like spaghetti junction in Auckland and the inner city bypass in Wellington bulldozed entire communities, and decades of car-dependent transport has led to high emissions. 

New roads and railways aren’t just ways to get around, they determine where people want to build houses and businesses. Transport decisions shape our cities for decades and centuries; they influence where and how we live, whether we sprawl out or densify, and which areas will grow.

Labour and National have each put out a full 10-year plan for the transport projects they want to build, at a total cost of $20 billion and $24.8 billion respectively. The smaller parties traditionally don’t put out fully detailed transport budgets the way the major two do, but they make it clear what specific projects are important to them and the more general policies they support. 

Some of the bigger questions in transport are not about specifically what should be built, but who should pay for it and how. Act in particular is more focused on proposing new funding methods than particular projects. 

TL;DR: National generally wants more roads, and Labour generally wants more rail (though both are proposing plenty of both). NZ First loves rail but hates light rail. The Greens love all kinds of rail, want fewer new roads, and cheaper public transport. Te Pāti Maori and TOP also want cheaper public transport. Act wants lots more toll roads. 

Rail 

Auckland rail is high on the agenda for Labour. They’re promising a third and fourth main line from Wiri to Westfield, doubling the capacity of the country’s busiest stretch of rail. They’re also promising a new line from Avondale to Onehunga focused on freight, aiming to get heavy trucks out of the city centre. 

National supports a rail upgrade from Palmerston North to Wellington and Masterton to Wellington, with new stations and maintenance depots. The Labour government has also committed to the upgrade.

The Greens broadly want to expand the rail network and modernise trains wherever possible, working towards an electric and high-speed network. Specifically, they’ve called for more inter-regional passenger rail passenger rail, including an overnight Auckland-Wellington service. 

NZ First hates light rail but is proposing lots of new stuff for heavy rail. They want rail from from Puhinui Station to Auckland Airport, from Northport to the Northland rail line, reopened rail from Wairoa to Gisborne, and a full rebuild of the Christchurch-Picton rail corridor,

TOP has pledged to reinstate the Southerner train service between Christchurch and Invercargill, and commuter rail from Rolleston and Rangiora.

Light rail for Auckland and Wellington is a contentious issue this election.

Light rail and mass transit

While heavy rail still gets mostly bipartisan support, light rail is highly controversial. Labour wants light rail in Auckland from the city centre to Māngere, and light rail (or some other kind of mass rapid transit) from the Wellington CBD to Island Bay

The Greens support building light rail in major cities, though they want it to be surface-level not underground. They’re pushing for light rail in Christchurch. TOP is also keen on light rail for the Garden City.

National wants to cancel both light rail plans, but does want to build an Auckland Rapid Transit System (probably busways) from the CBD to Massey, Pakuranga to Huntington Park, and the airport to Botany. In Wellington, they want bus rapid transit to the airport and eastern suburbs rather than light rail to the south. 

NZ First’s policy says they will “ensure not one more cent is spent on light rail or new cycle lanes while we have potholes and traffic going ever slower”, which seems hard to define.

Cycling

Cycling is predictably big on the Green Party agenda: they want to introduce community hire schemes to give e-bikes to people on low incomes, safe walking and biking routes for every school, and would require street upgrades to include cycling and active transport improvements. TOP wants to get bums on seats with a $1500 credit for e-bikes and e-scooters. 

New cycleways are mostly built by councils, but the government typically does assign a small portion of the transport budget to supporting new cycling projects. The Labour government has steadily increased that share, National says it will prioritise the road network and reduce cycleway funding.  

NZ First want councils to entirely fund cycleways with no support from central government, and Act is also generally critical of cycling spending. 

an Auckland bus and a hop card against a green background with dollar signs
National wants to scrap Labour’s public transport discounts (Image: Tina Tiller)

Public transport 

Labour introduced free public transport for under-13s, half price for people under 25 and community service card holders. National plans to cancel the discounts. 

The Greens want more off-peak public transport services, more regular services, and support making urban public transport fare-free. They also want to subsidise inter-regional public transport. 

Te Pāti Māori wants free public transport starting with all students, children and CSC card holders, and TOP is proposing free public transport for under-30s.

NZ First doesn’t list specifics but vaguely says it supports quality affordable public transport in urban and rural areas.

New roads

Labour’s priority list for roads includes:

  • Warkworth to Whangārei 
  • Cambridge to Piarere
  • Tauranga to Tauriko
  • Wellington CBD to airport – second Mount Victoria Tunnel and upgrades to Basin Reserve/Arras Tunnel
  • Hope Bypass (Nelson)
  • Napier to Hastings – four-laning State Highway 2
  • Christchurch Northern Link – State Highway 1
  • Ashburton Bridge – State Highway 1

National’s priority list for new roads is: 

  • A long-term plan to have a continuous four lane highway from Whangārei to Tauranga
  • Whangārei to Marsden Point 
  • Warkworth to Wellsford 
  • Cambridge to Piarere 
  • Tauranga to Tauriko
  • Wellington CBD to airport – second Mount Victoria Tunnel and upgrades to Basin Reserve/Arras Tunnel
  • Hope Bypass (Nelson)
  • Mill Road Stage 1
  • East West Link from Onehunga to Mount Wellington
  • Hamilton Southern Links
  • Petone to Grenada Link Road (Wellington)
  • Kumeū bypass (Eat Auckland)
  • Tākitimu Northern Link Te Puna to Ōmokoroa (Northland)
  • Belfast to Pegasus Motorway and Woodend Bypass (Canterbury).

The Greens’ policy is to avoid building new roads or widening existing roads except where necessary for climate change adaptation, repair after natural disasters, or enhancing safety. 

NZ First doesn’t list any specific roading projects, but it does specify it supports a new road tunnel through Mount Victoria in Wellington and funding to connect the airport to SH1 as “four lanes to the planes”.

Waka Kotahi reduced the speed limits on some high-risk highways and city streets as part of the Labour government’s Road to Zero campaign to reduce road deaths. National, ACT, and NZ First all want to increase the speed limit back to 100kmh for these roads and up to 110kmh on newer expressways. 

Funding new projects

Act wants to encourage more toll roads by fast-tracking roads that can be tolled and adding tolls to some existing roads, and wants to encourage more public-private partnerships – basically encouraging big investment funds to build projects upfront in exchange for long-term payouts from the government. 

National is also keen to embrace more private financing for roads and rapid transit. They want to start a National Infrastructure Agency to attract overseas investment, with some certain bonuses, like developers getting subsidies or a cut of fares for public transport, or priority rights for buildings next to the route. 

NZ First is dead set against this, they want to ensure no roads are privatised or corporatised. Instead, they want to start a New Zealand Infrastructure Bank as a way to fund long term publicly owned assets.

(Image: Getty Images; additional design: Archi Banal)

Transition to electric  

Labour and National are both promising big investment in electric car chargers to encourage the switch to EVs, though National has committed to spending more money and pledged to deliver 10,000 chargers. 

Labour and the Greens introduced the Clear Car Discount, a rebate that charges fees on higher-emission vehicles and offers a discount on electric cars. National wants to scrap the discount, which it labelled a “ute tax”.

The Greens want to ban the import of new and used fossil-fuel vehicles to New Zealand at or before 2030 with limited exceptions. TOP wants a fully electric bus fleet by 2030, the Greens have a target of 2035. 

Keep going!
a Māori woman with a red jacket and white shirt and a moko kauae smiling on a funky background
Cushla Tangaere-Manuel (Photo: Supplied; design by Tina Tiller)

PoliticsOctober 10, 2023

Cushla Tangaere-Manuel can sing – but are the voters listening?

a Māori woman with a red jacket and white shirt and a moko kauae smiling on a funky background
Cushla Tangaere-Manuel (Photo: Supplied; design by Tina Tiller)

It’s been a whirlwind three months for political newcomer Cushla Tangaere-Manuel, who’s trying to maintain Labour’s stronghold over Ikaroa-Rāwhiti. Charlotte Muru-Lanning joins her on the campaign trail – and at a nightclub covers gig – in Gisborne.

Pink and blue strobe lights pirouette around the otherwise dark room as a multiplying crowd settles into the roomy dance floor at Sugar Nightclub – Gisborne’s one and only nightclub. 

On one side of the room, Long White, Smirnoff and Corona bottles clink across the bar. On the other, the DJ’s resonating playlist competes with excited chatter. But as the clock strikes 7pm, the music is turned down, and the microphone is passed to Labour’s Ikaroa-Rāwhiti candidate Cushla Tangaere-Manuel.

Placing a plastic glass of sauvignon blanc down on the bar leaner, Tangaere-Manuel takes her place on the open dance floor. Less than two weeks out from election day, in what could be a tight race, this might seem like a wonderfully tactical campaign stop: a beholden crowd, a jovial atmosphere and a unique setting to boot. But tonight this candidate isn’t here to politick – well, not explicitly at least – she’s here to sing. 

In between other headliners for this covers gig called “Groove Night”, she belts out ‘Just an Illusion’, ‘Children of Israel’, and then, near the end of the night, her specialty, Amy Winehouse’s ‘Valerie’. When she committed to the gig, she was “just Cushla” not “candidate Cushla”, she explains. It’s not surprising she has prior commitments when you consider that the first-time candidate only announced she would be contesting the seat three months ago. Since then, life has been a “whirlwind” for Tangaere-Manuel and her whānau with near round-the-clock campaigning. “It’s quite weird to be relaxing,” she says as her husband Russell sets down a round of drinks on the table. 

Cushla Tangaere-Manuel on the dance floor at Sugar Nightclub. (Image: Charlotte Muru-Lanning)

Tangaere-Manuel’s road to the political scene hasn’t exactly been conventional. After Meka Whaitiri unexpectedly defected to Te Pāti Māori in May, having served as the Labour MP for Ikaroa-Rāwhiti for a decade, speculation bubbled around who would replace her.  

Born in Te Puia Springs and raised “by the village” in Tikitiki in the uppermost part of the electorate, Tangaere-Manuel spent a decade as CEO of Ngāti Porou East Coast Rugby Union and until recently, was New Zealand Rugby’s Māori rugby programme manager. A call from Labour to her home in Rangitukia led to an announcement in late June that Tangaere-Manuel would be standing for the seat. She’s one of four Labour electorate candidates who have decided to remain off the party list, hoping her own ties with the community, along with the currency of the Labour Party in the electorate, will see voters choose her over seasoned politician Whaitiri – who is standing again for the seat, only now with her new party. “People go ‘oh, you’re new to politics’,” Tangaere-Manuel says. But she counters: “I grew up in the house of parliament for Hinepare Marae: hapū politics and iwi politics.”

In fact, when Tangaere-Manuel received the phone call earlier this year asking her to pick up the candidacy, it wasn’t the first time she’d been asked to run by Labour, but it was the first time she’d said yes. When Tangaere-Manuel was in her early 20s, Labour’s Ikaroa-Rāwhiti MP Parekura Horomia had asked her to consider running for the party – her family had long ties with Labour and with the man himself, who was minister of Māori Affairs in Helen Clark’s government from 2000 to 2008 – but the timing wasn’t right, she says. Since then Tangaere-Manuel’s career has been varied; she’s worked as a reporter for Marae and a kōhanga reo kaiako, as well as holding the high-profile rugby roles, and she currently serves on boards for Kura Kaupapa Māori, iwi radio and the NZ Amateur Sports Association.

Image: Parliamentary Library

Extending almost 600km from the top of the East Cape southwards to the Wellington region, and including Gisborne, Hawke’s Bay, Wairarapa, most of the Hutt Valley and Wainuiomata, the Ikaroa-Rāwhiti electorate is extremely long – to drive from one end to the other takes more than 10 hours. If voters follow Whaitiri to Te Pāti Māori, she will be the first non-Labour MP in the electorate’s 24-year history – it’s been held by Labour since it was formed in 1999; first by East Coast stalwart Horomia until his death in 2013, and since then, by Whaitiri. 

So far, it looks like voter loyalty to Labour – which many attribute to the mighty legacy of Horomia in the electorate – overrides loyalty to the long-serving MP. Recent polling by Whakaata Māori has put Tangaere-Manuel at an eight-point lead over Whaitiri, with Tangaere-Manuel at 33% and Whaitiri on 25%. Tangaere-Manuel has also had backing from Heather Te Au Skipworth, who was originally set to contest the seat for Te Pāti Maori but was relegated to make room for Whaitiri. However, things are far from set in stone, as 29% of those polled were undecided.

Tangaere-Manuel has been tackling the massive electorate in her campaign campervan, accompanied by her husband. There are challenges that come with making yourself recognisable in such an immense seat in such a short amount of time – and in an electorate which had only 67% voter turnout in the last election, being present is vital. Labour loyalty comes in handy of course, but there’s a necessity in showing up, even if just for five minutes – because if you don’t, she explains, it’s noted. 

Ten years is a long time to build a relationship with an electorate, and that is what Tangaere-Manuel needs to overcome. “There has been some apprehension in some of the places I’ve been to,” she says. “But every time I’ve left, the mood has changed, people have options and they’re taking me seriously.” 

Tangaere-Manuel (right) with deputy prime minister Carmel Sepuloni (centre) (Photo: Charlotte Muru-Lanning)

While the electorate itself may be narrow, the issues in Ikaroa-Rāwhiti are far from it. “It’s a diverse line and it’s been important for everyone to know that I understand that they’re all unique, they’ve all got iwi, hapū, communities, diversity and mana motuhake,” says Tangaere-Manuel. 

The impacts of Cyclone Gabrielle, the growing tensions surrounding the forestry industry and ongoing issues surrounding housing, cost of living and inequality (among Māori electorates, in the 2018 census Ikaroa-Rāwhiti ranked highest for the share of people on Jobseeker Support, at 18%) form a foundational web of issues that its next representative will need to be up for. When Tangaere-Manuel speaks of these issues, both specific to the electorate and shared with the rest of the country, it becomes apparent that the appeal of being an MP for her isn’t so tied up in strict political ideology, and rather about being a kind of steadfast vessel for what her constituents need. “The key message I’m hearing is they want to be heard, have a voice, they want to be involved in the design and the delivery,” she says. “No matter what we’re talking about, really, what people are saying to me is they want to be heard and they want to be decision makers.” 

As she jumps from town to town, kōhanga to church, tāngihanga to RSA, social housing development to high schools along the campaign trail, she’s regularly been joined by fellow Labour candidate Tāmati Coffey, who is contesting the overlapping general electoral East Coast seat, and shares a relatively short-notice campaign period (Coffey announced his candidacy a month after Tangaere-Manuel, following incumbent Kiri Allan’s departure). Having an experienced candidate on her side has been useful, she says, especially when it comes to the juggle of campaign diary commitments, travel time, brushing up on policy and, at best, a few hours of sleep. 

In Gisborne at least, it seems Tangaere-Manuel’s capacity for getting out and about in the electorate and adeptness for conveying policy and commitments in ways she knows her community understands is paying off. Jaunty posters printed with “Push for Cush” (her newly-adopted campaign slogan) are ubiquitous across the town, and for someone completely new to campaigning, a surprising amount of people seem to recognise her. Following her Saturday night gig, two kuia at a karaoke bar across from the nightclub even dedicate a passionate rendition of ‘Moonlighting’ by Ardijah to Tangaere-Manuel’s campaign. 

With current Hutt South MP Ginny Andersen in the Hutt – one of the southernmost communities of the Ikaroa-Rāwhiti electorate. (Image: Facebook)

Following her defection from Labour, Whaitiri told Breakfast, “I didn’t feel I was heard [in Labour]. I’ve now joined the party where I know my voice, and those I represent will be heard.” But from how Tangaere-Manuel sees it, question marks remain. “Everyone who has spoken to me has no understanding of the ‘why’,” she says. “Those are conversations obviously [Whaitiri is] going to have to have on the ground.” And while the jumping ship by Whaitiri from the party has only fuelled the narrative of a repressed Māori caucus in Labour, Tangaere-Manuel is unfazed, and a little annoyed. “I haven’t liked some of the things I’ve seen out there, saying that Labour’s Māori caucus are the puppets of Pākehā,” she says. “I’m not a puppet.” 

While Tangaere-Manuel wears a lot of red these days, her wardrobe has typically been sky blue – the allegiance colours for Ngāti Porou (in fact, red is unfortunately the colour of their rugby team’s closest competition). Because of her roots in her hometown Tikitiki and her Ngāti Porou whakapapa, she’s been at pains to reassure those outside her immediate hapū, iwi and community that her loyalty is to the whole electorate, not just her own. “I’m here to serve all of Ikaroa-Rāwhiti,” she says. “My iwi has been cheering me on for my whole life, but also if I let them down, if I let my people down, if I don’t do this job well and serve everyone well, I’m a disgrace to Rangitukia and Ngāti Porou – people have received that message.”

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