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The southern right whale in Wellington harbour. Photo: Radio NZ
The southern right whale in Wellington harbour. Photo: Radio NZ

ScienceJuly 10, 2018

What scientists know about the Wellington whale

Guest writer
The southern right whale in Wellington harbour. Photo: Radio NZ
The southern right whale in Wellington harbour. Photo: Radio NZ

A NIWA scientist explains what they’ve discovered about the whale in Wellington harbour so far.

We’re used to traffic jams in Wellington, but when they come with people lining the harbour foreshore all pointing out to sea, it’s clear you can’t just blame them on the usual city congestion.

For the past week, a southern right whale has graced the waters of Wellington harbour, captivating – and delaying – Wellingtonians. It’s a rare sight these days and it’s not going too far to say its regular breaching and surface activity lifted the spirits of everyone just in time to cope with a patch of particularly poor weather.

Southern right whales would have been common in Wellington harbour before the intensive whaling of previous centuries. This particular species is so named for being the “right” whale to kill; among other interesting features, they often swim slowly, and float when they’re dead. Southern right whale numbers are still recovering from hunting.

Within New Zealand waters, a major breeding population of southern right whales congregates around the sub-Antarctic Auckland Islands each year; mother-calf pairs are also seen around mainland New Zealand during July and August.

Having one in Wellington harbour could optimistically be viewed as a sign that the animals are returning to the habitat they were once found in.

Last week NIWA and the Department of Conservation went out to obtain a skin biopsy of the visiting whale, and to make some underwater recordings in the hope of capturing any calls it might make.

Results of the biopsy are some way off and as yet, there is no scientific evidence to indicate whether it is male or female. There is also nothing to indicate that we need to be concerned about the behaviour or health of the whale. On the breeding grounds, southern right whales are generally active at the surface, and commonly spend time in water depths only slightly deeper than their own body.

NIWA has been leading acoustic research in the Cook Strait region, recording the sounds made by whales and dolphins, and finding several species that had not previously been known to pass through the area. That’s why we were keen to see if we could record the sounds of this visiting whale and perhaps verify some of our previous recordings.

Earlier in the week, some passive acoustic equipment was placed into the water and about 70 minutes of data were obtained when the animal was within about 100m of the boat. We were keen to hear “gunshots” – a sound primarily produced by males that is a broadband with a short duration, and travels effectively through water. Female right whales also produce gunshots but these are less common and quieter than the ones produced by males.

We didn’t hear any gunshots in our data, but we did record three sounds potentially produced by the whale, known as upcalls and downcalls. Unfortunately, each lasted less than one second making it difficult to determine their source. The engine of the NIWA boat was turned off, but as the whale is in a busy harbor, we recorded a lot of vessel traffic noise, making it tricky to distinguish whale calls.

You can listen to the calls of a North Atlantic right whale here. It’s not quite a southern right, but they are very similar.

There’s still a lot we don’t know about the southern right whale in Wellington harbour. We do know it doesn’t really need to feed over winter but will do so if the opportunity arises, and we don’t know how long it will stay.

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But at some point between September and November it will most likely feel a migrational urge to head back south. If we have it in the harbour until then, expect a few more traffic jams.

Victoria Warren is a University of Auckland PhD student based at NIWA, Wellington. She is studying baleen whales in the Cook Strait region using passive acoustic monitoring.

The Spinoff’s science content is made possible thanks to the support of The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, a national institute devoted to scientific research.

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ScienceJuly 5, 2018

How genetic modification helps the Impossible Burger take flight

Contributing writer
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Air New Zealand caused a storm by announcing the ‘Impossible’ Burger will be made available to a tiny sliver of customers – a move described as an ‘existential threat’ to the meat sector by NZ First’s Mark Patterson. And genetic engineering is central to the synthetic meat’s success, explains Dr Siouxsie Wiles

This week, Air New Zealand announced that Business Premier “foodies” on flights from Los Angeles to Auckland would be able to try out the “plant-based goodness” that is The Impossible Burger. Lamb + Beef New Zealand, which represents sheep and beef farmers, is clearly peeved that our national carrier wouldn’t rather showcase some great Kiwi “grass-fed, free range, GMO free, naturally raised” meat instead. Mark Patterson, NZ First’s spokesperson for Primary Industries went so far as to issue a press release calling the announcement an “existential threat to New Zealand’s second biggest export earner”. Meanwhile, vegetarians on social media are left a bit puzzled as to why Patterson is so against them having a special vegetarian option for dinner. My guess is it’s because The Impossible Burger is no ordinary veggie burger.

The Impossible Burger is one company’s response to the fact that we simply can’t afford to continue feeding the world’s growing population using our current land-hungry, water-thirsty, pollution-heavy and extinction-inducing ways of producing food. It is the culmination of years of scientific research to create a vegetarian alternative to the humble minced beef burger patty that has the look, smell and taste of a delicious juicy burger but without the environmental impact that comes with farming cows. And that’s because The Impossible Burger isn’t aimed at vegetarians. It’s aimed at meat-eaters. And to make it appeal to the most committed carnivores among us it uses genetic modification technology.

The first commercial offering from Impossible Foods, a Silicon Valley start-up founded by Pat Brown, an emeritus Professor of Biochemistry at Stanford University the burger, according to its website, is made of water, textured wheat protein, coconut oil, potato protein, soy leghaemoglobin, yeast extract, salt, soy protein isolate, konjac gum, xanthan gum, zinc, niacin, and vitamins B1, B2, B6, B12 and C. An Impossible Burger sizzles like a beef burger patty while cooking thanks to the coconut oil, and chars and browns like a beef burger patty because of the potato protein. It also has a chewy texture because Brown and his team have figured out how to convert their mixture of plant and other ingredients into something that mimics the fibrous nature and tensile strength of animal connective tissue.

But the ingredient that puts The Impossible Burger ahead of its competitors, and will no doubt have the anti-GM protesters up in arms, is the soy leghaemoglobin. Haem (also known as heme) is an iron-containing molecule that binds oxygen. As haemoglobin, haem gives our blood its characteristic red colour and metallic taste, while as myoglobin it gives red meat its characteristic red or pink colour, as well as contributing to its smell and taste when cooked.

Leghaemoglobin is a form of haem found in the root nodules of leguminous plants like soybeans. Here it binds oxygen to protect a process crucial to the health of the plant: the harvesting of nitrogen from the air by symbiotic bacteria called rhizobia. This nitrogen is then converted into compounds the plant needs to grow and compete with other plants. And just like haemoglobin and myoglobin, leghaemoglobin is also reddish-pink. If you cut into the root nodule of a soybean plant it looks like it’s bleeding.

Rather than digging up acres and acres of soy plants to harvest their leghaemoglobin, Brown and his team genetically engineered a strain of yeast to produce it instead. That way they can grow the yeast in big vats and sustainably harvest huge quantities of leghaemoglobin. Although the yeast the leghaemoglobin comes from is genetically engineered, the leghaemoglobin itself is identical to that naturally found in the soy plants. And as the leghaemoglobin is separated away from the yeast after the fermentation process, The Impossible Burger doesn’t contain anything that is genetically modified.

The outgoing chief science advisor to the prime minster, Sir Peter Gluckman, said a few days ago that we are long overdue a really serious chat about genetic modification. And not just about the science behind The Impossible Burger. Genetic modification technologies might be the only way we can really achieve our goal of being predator free. So, what do you say New Zealand? Let’s talk.

Siouxsie Wiles has written about The Impossible Burger and the future of food in the book Kai and Culture: Food Stories from Aotearoa, edited by Emma Johnson, and published by Freerange Press

The Spinoff’s science content is made possible thanks to the support of The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, a national institute devoted to scientific research.