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A collage of various vaping devices is displayed against a vibrant blue background with a halftone pattern, reminiscent of pop art.
Chemicals from the device itself can end up in our blood, urine and saliva. (Image: Archi Banal)

SocietyOctober 17, 2022

The stratospheric rise of vape waste in Aotearoa

A collage of various vaping devices is displayed against a vibrant blue background with a halftone pattern, reminiscent of pop art.
Chemicals from the device itself can end up in our blood, urine and saliva. (Image: Archi Banal)

As the vaping industry grows exponentially, so too does the problem of all the detritus left behind. Alex Casey investigates. 

When she first started plogging – a Swedish portmanteau of “picking up (litter)” and “jogging” – Michelle Stronach-Marsh would occasionally come across curious and futuristic-looking plastic pods on her local Petone beach. “At first I thought I was finding USB sticks,” she chuckles over the phone. “My kids just laughed and laughed at me.” What Stronach-Marsh was actually picking up were discarded vapes and vape cartridges, about one or two a month. Six years later, she is finding up to 10 pieces of vape waste a day on that same five kilometre run. 

As the vaping industry grows exponentially both here and abroad, so too does the problem of vape waste. With an estimated 4.3 million vapers in the UK, research has found that 3 million vape parts are thrown away per week, amounting to two vapes thrown away every second. As reported by Sky News, this waste alone contains enough lithium to make batteries for 1,200 electric cars. “We can’t be throwing these materials away,” said Mark Miodownik, professor at University College London. “It really is madness in a climate emergency.”

In Aotearoa there is yet to be any official data released on our levels of vape waste, but there are a few anecdotal indications that we are headed in a similar direction. For example, on my walks to work through Kingsland, 43rd coolest suburb in the world, I encounter a piece of discarded vape waste on the ground almost every day. Auckland Council waste planning manager Sarah Le Claire confirms that this is not an isolated phenomenon, and that they have “observed an increase in the volume of e-cigarette and vape waste in the environment” across the region. 

Vapes that I have seen. (Photos: Alex Casey)

Over at Litter Intelligence, Aotearoa’s national litter monitoring programme, they have also started to see an increase in vape waste. Vape components have appeared in 454 of their 1,200 beach litter surveys. “When we first started, vapes barely featured,” explains Ben Knight, litter intelligence manager. “It’s amazing how quickly our behaviour has changed around consumption of nicotine.” Down on Petone beach, plogger Stronach-Marsh has seen the same trend. “I don’t find as many lighters as I used to, whereas every single day now, I find at least two bits of vape packaging.” 

Vapes by the ocean

Graeme Taylor from DOC has been working with seabirds for decades, and first encountered the shocking impact of plastic waste on their lives nearly 30 years ago. Travelling to the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands in 1993, he remembers the scene of “dead birds scattered everywhere” around an albatross colony. “I was absolutely gobsmacked when I saw the damage that it was causing,” he says, recalling the corpse of a decayed bird that had a stomach full of “children’s toys, cigarette lighters and all sorts of odd plastic shapes”.

Given that we have since doubled our plastic production globally, Taylor says the risk to our seabirds has only increased. Last year, a pied shag died in Wellington Zoo after being found “weak and emaciated” by the SPCA. Upon x-ray, it was discovered that the bird had swallowed a vape pen whole. “Our team suspect he wouldn’t have been able to eat for days before he came in and would’ve suffered from serious metal and nicotine poisoning,” Wellington Zoo said at the time. “A sad reminder to please always tidy up after yourself and make sure these lovely birds don’t mistake your rubbish for food.” 

The Pied Shag ingested a vape whole. Photo: Facebook

Taylor hasn’t personally encountered a bird that ingested vape waste yet, but says it wouldn’t surprise him if this is happening more often. “We know that plastic litter of any sort eventually makes it out to the sea, through waterways and drains,” he explains. “Once it drifts out into the ocean, it doesn’t break down and therefore seabirds of different sizes will have access to it.” He says larger seabirds such as the albatross and the giant petrel are particularly vulnerable, as they are able to swallow bigger objects floating on the sea surface. 

A missing piece of the puzzle, Taylor says, is whether vape components actually float or not. “We used to see a lot of birds ingesting cigarette lighters because there’s an air pocket inside them which allows them to float on the surface,” he says. “What I don’t know is whether the vapes have a trapped air component, or if they’re just light enough that they will be buoyant on the water.” 

Having amassed a collection of disused vape pods from Kingsland gutters and colleagues alike, I attempted to see if they would indeed sink or float when suspended in water. The results were mixed: “Haiz” pods all floated on the surface, whereas “Alt” pods appeared more likely to sink over time. 

A ‘does it float’ experiment. (Photos: Alex Casey)

Regardless of whether they float and impact seabirds, or sink and impact the seabed, discarded vapes getting in our waterways are unequivocally bad news. Le Claire from Auckland Council says they are unlikely to be collected by litter traps along the way – these are reserved for larger items like plastic bottles – so are likely to find their way out to the ocean. There, if they aren’t eaten by seabirds, “the contaminants will gradually leach out into the surrounding environment”.

Little vape fires everywhere

It’s not just the environment that vape waste is hurting. Several local news stories have highlighted instances where vapes have combusted and injured people, including a 2019 kitchen explosion in Christchurch, a Kaitaia house fire in January 2022 and just last week a Dunedin man was sent to hospital with burns after a vape battery caught on fire in his pocket. In January it was revealed that vape-related injuries reported to ACC had increased eight-fold over five years, rising from nine in 2016 to 72 in 2021. 

This is a risk which Le Claire says extends to those on the front line of waste collection. “One bin run team came across a burnt poly bin liner and the shopkeeper in the adjacent shop advised it had caught on fire from the battery of a vaping device,” says Le Claire. There is a real risk that comes in devices such as disposable vapes being placed in kerbside bins, she explains, as the waste comes under pressure when it is compacted. “This is where the batteries can get pierced by other sharp material in the truck and ignite, causing a fire within the waste.” 

Le Claire says fires in Auckland Council rubbish trucks caused by batteries are an “increasingly common occurrence”. As a result, contractors have had to consider new health and safety precautions when using mobile compactor units out on the road, including the constant use of PPE in the event that a battery ignites during the compaction process. 

How to kill a vape

Another one of the major issues with vape disposal is that even those that get thrown out “properly” – ie in the general waste bin – will still end up in landfill. As Le Claire explains, vape waste poses a particular problem because it falls somewhere between e-waste and hazardous waste. “The components of the pen itself can include a lithium-ion battery which needs to be treated as e-waste when discarded, but the cartridge contains nicotine and heavy metals such as lead, tin and nickel which are poisonous and need to be managed as hazardous.” 

A skyline of landfill. (Photo: RNZ)

After her plogging runs in Petone, Stronach-Marsh generally disposes of three large rubbish bags in the council skip, including bits of discarded vape waste. “It’s horrible that the only thing that I can do is put them into landfill, because I can’t recycle them,” she says. “I just feel like I’m just shifting the problem perpetually. At least I’m removing the harm to wildlife or birds, but I’m really just shifting the issue.” She wants the vape industry, and all other industries creating waste that can’t be recycled kerbside, to take responsibility for that waste. 

There appear to be few in-store recycling options for consumers in New Zealand outside of locally-owned brand Vapo. Through the TerraCycle programme, consumers are encouraged to bring in their disused vapes and cartridges to Vapo stores, from where they are shipped to a private processing plant in Australia. There, they are washed, separated, broken down into different materials, and recycled into products such as outdoor furniture and decking, plastic shipping pallets, watering cans, storage containers and bins. 

“With anything nowadays, there’s a business responsibility to make sure your products aren’t necessarily going to a landfill if you can help it,” says Fiona Kerr, head of brand and customer experience at Vapo. The programme has been running since 2019 and has collected 693kg of vape waste – including from brands they don’t stock. “Now that doesn’t sound like a lot in the grand scheme of things, but it does when you consider that these things are incredibly light,” says Kerr. 

Although Vapo’s VapeCycle programme appears to be the most successful industry-led solution, it still contains hurdles. If you can’t access a store drop-off point, the at-home mail option requires logging in to the Terracycle website and downloading and printing a label. Due to the hazardous nature of the batteries, there is a postal limit of four vapes per parcel. Kerr says they are currently assessing the viability of at-home collection bins – similar to Nespresso – and are one day envisioning “mass collection units” at places like convenience stores and petrol stations.

“But this is a negotiation at some very, very top levels of retail,” she adds. 

When the smoke clears 

Jessica Kitchen, a 20 year-old fashion student from AUT, says that almost nobody her age shops at Vapo because of the high price point, choosing instead to shop at dairies or online. “I don’t think most people know about their recycling stations and stuff like that, because it’s just not very mainstream,” she says. Having started vaping in high school – “someone got me to try it one time and I kind of just got stuck on it after that “ – she uses a refillable vape which requires new liquid to be purchased every few months. 

Kitchen says a big problem is that most people her age are in denial about the fact they are addicted to vaping at all, so won’t pay for the more expensive (but less impactful) refillable options. “I think there’s a real psychological aspect to it. When people are buying disposable vapes, it doesn’t feel like they’re committing to vaping,” she explains. “I also know a lot of people who would express themselves as environmentally conscious and not buy any new clothes and stuff like that, but then wouldn’t think twice about getting a disposable vape.”

Vape cocoons discovered on Central Auckland houseplants. Photos: Jessica Kitchen

As part of her fashion degree, she is working on a project which she hopes will get people to think twice about their vape waste. She’s been collecting all of the vape waste created by her and her friends and experimenting with crochet, creating cocoons with them and attaching them to houseplants. Eventually, she hopes she can figure out how to turn them into fabric, or perhaps even a garment. “I was drawn to humans’ relationship with nature,” she explains. “How do we even intertwine with anything these days?”

Kitchen has noticed different generations have different reactions to her work. “People my age look at it and say, ‘That’s kind of funny’ or ‘That’s so random’,” she says. “But older generations seem to find it kind of disturbing.” She knows that her work isn’t really providing a solution to the problem, but hopes it will get people thinking about how widespread vaping – and its subsequent waste problem – really is in Aotearoa. “It is really important for people to know just how common vaping is, especially in Gen Z,” she says. 

“The waste is just one aspect of it, but what we’ve really got is a whole generation that is addicted to vaping.” 

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Keep going!
Illustration: Eddie Monotone
Illustration: Eddie Monotone

The Sunday EssayOctober 16, 2022

The Sunday Essay: If I don’t make it

Illustration: Eddie Monotone
Illustration: Eddie Monotone

James Pasley’s recurring nightmares about plane crashes are almost as scary as his waking experience of flight. 

The Sunday Essay is made possible thanks to the support of Creative New Zealand.

Illustrations by Eddie Monotone

Every night before a flight I have a nightmare – I am on a plane and that plane crashes. The dream is always the same. I am looking out the window as the plane begins a deep turn. Something goes wrong; the plane begins spiralling and I watch numbly as we plummet to our death. On better nights I wake before impact. Even so, the dream lingers on into the following day, which is bad enough. But today it’s worse, because today as the plane begins to ascend, we do the exact deep turn and I am looking out at the exact same view. All I can hope for is that I wake before impact. 

The problem is while I’m afraid of flying, I’m not afraid enough to avoid flying. On the ground, through security, I think rationally. “I’m not going to die. Who do you know that’s actually died? Exactly.” But in the sky, I’m fearful the entire time. I’m looking out the window, down at those lucky specks at sea level, thinking, “What the hell am I doing up here?” or “This isn’t natural” or “Man was not meant to fly”.

I’m writing this on my phone during a two-and-a-half-hour flight from New York to Jacksonville, Florida. I’m writing this to keep my mind busy so I don’t throw up or start howling “Oh fuck!”. I’m flying to Jacksonville to bring my dog to my wife who is caring for her sick father. She misses him more than me and that’s fine, I get it. He’s a good looking, soft-haired pooch. It’s for a good cause. And yet right away I am filled with a deep, boundless regret because before we even take off the pilot tells us there will be delays; we need to refuel since we will be landing in the middle of a thunderstorm. I don’t know how this relates to fuel consumption. I message my wife with the update and she sends back a photo of blue skies saying, “weird, all clear here.” Weird indeed. I have just finished a third cup of coffee. I haven’t eaten in six hours. I don’t feel so hot. A complimentary bottle of water says “It’s great to see you again.” But the bottle is lying. It’s not. 

Once we’re in the air, the woman behind me asks the flight attendant if we are going to die. She doesn’t word it that way exactly, but that’s the gist. She doesn’t do so well in turbulence. I’d been too afraid to ask myself, but I listen closely while my dog pants, terrified and unaware that I may be taking him to his death.

The flight attendant tells her not to worry. They’re just air pockets. It’s definitely not enough to knock the plane out of the sky. Just a few stomach-dropping falls. Just a limited service. Just cries in terror and reflections on lives not lived to their full.

“Oh OK,” the woman says weakly. She is all of us.

***

We are above the clouds now and I want to come down. Far below, boats on an estuary turn in wide, strange curves and I attempt to read messages in what they leave behind, but the foamy wash fades away long before anything becomes clear.

Sitting on the other side of the aisle from me is a well-known college football coach. I know this only because everyone walking past during boarding kept commenting about the game last night. He has a thick moustache and tired eyes and he fumbles with his dining tray for so long I almost reach over and yank it up for him. In front of us, there’s a red-faced man in a Hawaiian shirt with both his sunglasses and his sunglasses case tucked into his shirt pocket. He’s tapping his seat, looking at the ceiling. He has recently had something possibly cancerous chopped out of his nose and later he will listen to Kasabian and Big Red on repeat. By the time we are 10 minutes into the flight he’s on his third beer. His face grows redder the longer we are in the sky.

***

One of my favourite pieces of journalism is a 1982 article titled ‘The Plane That Fell From The Sky’ by journalist Buzz Bissinger, who made a name for himself with the non-fiction book Friday Night Lights. He wrote about 45 seconds where a Boeing 727 went into a spiral dive, falling something utterly crazy like 30,000 feet. The plane didn’t crash. It probably should have, but it didn’t. 

In the opening paragraph, Bissinger wrote: “The old philosophy among pilots, starting in the days when the DC-3 was the biggest thing going, was that you didn’t really get paid for all the times you flew without a hitch but for the one time out of a thousand when everything went to hell you still brought the plane in. That was the test of skill and the reason for all the other pay checks.” 

Bissinger might not have spent hours agonising over his line “one time out of a thousand”, but that’s what rings in my head every time a plane I’m sitting on takes off. These are odds I don’t like the sound of.  

***

If I do have to go down in a plane crash, something I think about fairly often, I would rather plummet into land than sea. My thinking is this would be the quicker death, a guaranteed instantaneous demise. No time to play with the ego, no terrifying few moments trapped in a cabin, panicked, drowning in the dark after you somehow survived first impact; or even worse, no lonely few hours spent floating in the empty sea waiting for the sharks. A good, clean death. No trace left behind.

Another thing I think about, as I sit here, is dying in the aeroplane toilet – locking yourself in once the end is near and bracing for impact. Sure they’re awful and smelly and promote claustrophobia, but toilet cubicles are also enclosed, so when the end comes it comes without a view. It comes blind, like sleep.

Everyone around me, other than Moustache, has headphones on. Usually, I wear mine. I like to limit what I can hear. But today, so I can reassure the dog, I leave them off. This makes everything worse. I hear every strange beep, every throaty clunk outside. I hear the pilot tell us we are 30,000 feet up in the sky, that we will be disembarking at gate 85. He relays this useless information before saying, “Keep your seatbelts on, turbulence ahead.” His words are like a criticism sandwich, I think, except it’s got no bottom layer, it’s just the softening and then the blow.

To calm myself I look at the clouds. I try to find shapes, but from above the only shape I see resembles pellets of sheep poo. Later I see a long, flat white cloud that looks like a landing strip and I’m comforted. I read it as a good omen. But then I realise it means the clouds are thickening.

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Outside it’s grey now. It’s dark grey, then it’s bright grey. The sun seeks to break through. The sun fails. The turbulence begins softly, like an old lady shaking your shoulder. The plane begins to turn and everything begins to tremble. Hawaii looks at his wife in despair. When the turbulence hits properly it is better and worse than I expected. Strange debris falls from the ceiling like dandruff. The bathroom doors rattle. My stomach is at my feet. My dog is shaking. I pat him through the mesh of his bag. Moustache drinks some water. I drink some water. I need to take a leak, but the idea of dying in the toilet now seems terrible. Old men die on the loo all the time, but not in the sky. 

The turbulence eases pretty quickly, but I don’t know if it’s over. It’s so dark outside now I can’t see a thing. I type then retype and the phone keeps autocorrecting and my typing of this essay, or death note, must appear panicked because Moustache says to me, “Alright?”

And I say back, as if without a care in the world, “Oh yeah, fine mate.”

“Australian?”

“New Zealand.”

I wait for him to say, “Nice. Heard it’s beautiful down there,” so I can tell him it is and that I hope to look upon it at least once more before the end. But he doesn’t say anything else.

***

Before I booked this flight I looked up the timetables of trains and buses and how much it would cost to rent a car. They were all either more expensive or more time consuming or both. My definition of expense has changed up here; now I consider 20 hours on a train a bargain compared to an eternity in hell, or dark nothingness, or whatever happens post-impact.

People tell me the stats, how it’s safer than driving or walking or eating raw fish but so what? I’d rather be mowed down from behind than watch the earth grow larger as engines fail and we glide down to meet her. I have heard of flocks of geese getting sucked into the vents causing engine failure. I have heard of oxygen masks falling for no good reason. I have heard more: One of my best mates met his ex-girlfriend when they were both flight attendants before they got laid off during Covid. One night we were drinking and she told us there was this one type of plane that is basically known for being unreliable and goes down “all the time”. My mate and his ex-girlfriend actually worked on one of these planes. She said she was sweating the whole time and didn’t tell him to avoid freaking him out. As I watch Moustache make short work of a packet of nuts I try to recall what plane this was and what plane I am on, but when I’m nervous my mind empties; I become useless. I remember nothing.

Life is full of unpleasantness. At a work function at Rainbow’s End last year I caught the Stratosfear twice in a row, pretty much because of how dreadful it was. For some reason I felt like punishing myself. This is worse. The drop is knowable to almost anyone who has flown, but to describe it is to limit it, to box it in; it is awfulness; it is downward whiplash then a communal groaning; it is spilled drinks, white knuckles, whispered prayers, no eye contact, no hope, not enough time and too much time. Everyone keeps themselves busy with screens and pages and liquor and dull conversations and heavily salted foods, waiting for the end in whatever way it comes.

As if to dare fate, Moustache gets up and goes to the bathroom. When he gets back the seatbelt sign dings. The pilot tells us we’re landing in 25 minutes. He does not say if it’ll be rough or not. He mentions light rain. He thanks us for flying with him.

The lights come on. The lights go off. We descend, we rise again. We are clear of the clouds and I see vast stretches of greenery and brown —Florida bush, Florida waterways. We are lurching up again back into clouds. We keep turning, this way, that way. These are not smooth turns. How I wish they were. The plane accelerates. The plane brakes. I wouldn’t call this a smooth ride. We’re turning again. Hawaii is smiling sickly at his wife. We’re turning the other way. Moustache is an oasis of calm. At some point I realise the plane isn’t accelerating or braking. What we’re feeling is the wind. What we’re feeling is our utter insignificance up here in this piece of tin. We are being blown one way and then the other. 

 

I feel the first spattering of relief about three or four minutes before landing. We are at a point where I decide, based on nothing, that if something goes wrong now we might survive anyway. It’s the moment when you can recognise the brand of car on the highway below, or make out the shapes of people milling about.

And when we land, which we do, as I knew we would, I breathe out for a good long while. I tell the dog it’s OK. I nod in a hopefully dignified manner to Moustache. But I feel little in the way of relief – already I’m thinking about what happens in a week or two when I need to go home. Because that will require another flight and though right now I would choose bus, train or six-day hike rather than get on another plane, I’m also aware that in the days to come I will decide, as I always do, that flying isn’t so bad. My wife will tell me I’m being silly. I survived today, I will survive another. And she may be right. But she may be wrong, too, and next time, though the odds are with me, I may not be so lucky. My dream might come true. 

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