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SocietyJune 2, 2024

What it’s like to release a kiwi into the wild

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Esme Stark spends two days in the hills of Wellington with Capital Kiwi, introducing 12 kiwi to their new home.

Kiwi are returning to Wellington. After years of intensive trapping and the release of 140 kiwi since November 2022 by the Capital Kiwi Project, Wellington’s wild western hills now provide everything our national icon needs to thrive: food, shelter, protection from predation, and mates. This month, two Wellington-hatched chicks reached the “stoat-proof” weight of 1.2kg, and a kiwi wandered through a Broadmeadows backyard

Kiwis (the people) are rebuilding their relationship with kiwi (the birds) from being one of passive pride, to being active guardians, says Capital Kiwi project’s founder and lead Paul Ward. This reconnection is the result of a remarkable collaboration between iwi, landowners, and the community, which I witnessed over two days with the project. They’re showing what’s possible when tāngata rebuild relationships with the taiao, and how Wellingtonians can cherish our nation’s eponymous manu.

“Our wero, or challenge now is to keep going,” Ward says. He says he wants to have so many kiwi in Wellington’s hills that the council starts getting noise complaints. 

Hohaia, a kiwi released in March, in the arms of Jeff Hall, Capital Kiwi Field Services Specialist.

A hush falls as a white van pulls into the Meridian West Wind carpark, bearing a bright yellow sticker that reads “Live Kiwi on Board”. As the 12 wooden crates are removed from the boot, Gemma Wright’s karanga is the first voice the kiwi hear, welcoming them onto the whenua on behalf of Te Āti Awa Taranaki Whānui.

The kiwi were ferried south from Sanctuary Mountain Maungatautari after a tono process between the haukāinga there, Ngaati Korokī Kahukura, and Taranaki Whānui ki te Upoko o te Ika a Maui. Tono is a tikanga process used to request the exchange of something precious. Traditionally used for marriages, adoptions, or when someone dies, it’s now facilitating the exchange of kiwi.

Holden Hohaia, representing Te Āti Awa Taranaki Whānui, leads karakia for the group of Meridian staff and their families, iwi representatives, and Capital Kiwi staff and supporters. This ritual incantation, he explains, binds us into one waka who’ll ferry these manu to their new homes.

Members of Te Āti Awa Taranaki Whānui welcoming kiwi.

Our convoy pulls up above a glassy Cook Strait and we venture down a hill dotted with wind turbines. As more karakia flows, Waiapu releases the first kiwi. She travelled from Maungatautari with the manu and is in training to handle kiwi with the Hem of Remutaka project.

Pete Kirkman, Capital Kiwi Operations Manager, hands a kiwi to Hem of Remutaka conservation volunteer, Waiapu Tangianau.

Jessi Morgan, head of Predator Free New Zealand Trust and a Capital Kiwi Project trustee, lets the next kiwi go. “I didn’t want to, it was snuggling like a baby,” she says. Ultimately though, the project is about setting the kiwi free. By controlling predators at landscape scale, the kiwi can breed naturally, as “we can’t incubate every egg”.

Pete Kirkman handing a kiwi to Jessi Morgan, head of Predator Free New Zealand.

Egg incubation programmes have been a key source of kiwi for the project. That’s why Michelle Bird of Save the Kiwi releases the next kiwi. Her programme at Maungatautari has been so successful the sanctuary is now bursting at the seams. That’s why, in partnership with iwi and hapū, Save the Kiwi have translocated 209 of the 2500 to 3000 kiwi this year to three sites – at Taranaki Mounga, DOC at Tongariro, and Capital Kiwi.

Michelle tells me releasing the kiwi “is the reward” for the people who’ve put in the hours moving traps on cold winter mornings. There’s something special about kiwi, she reckons. “You see it on people’s faces. Before it was this mythical creature, now it’s right in front of them. It’s emotional.”

Michelle Bird, near box, preparing to release a kiwi.

I head back down the hill squeezed into Michael Grace’s car. He’s the director of Terawhiti Station, the 5,000 hectare sheep station in Mākara’s back-country where most of Capital Kiwi’s releases have been so far. He thought Capital Kiwi’s pitch was “awesome” when he heard it six years ago. His biggest concern was whether it was possible.

Turns out the issue wasn’t terrain, but predators – mostly ferrets, stoats and weasels. Now, with hundreds of landowners like Grace allowing Capital Kiwi traps and contractors onto their land, they’ve formed a network of 4,600 traps over 24,000 hectares. 

The network covers a mix of regenerating forest, scrubby gullies, and working farms. Ward pulls up a cowpat to show the delights kiwi can find in pastured areas. “It’s showing our productive landscapes can also be places where we’re looking after our taiao and treasured species,” he says.  

This is the first release on land managed by Meridian, who’ve committed to doing their own trapping. Hamish Walker, the site manager, released a kiwi earlier today. “They’ve got these giant legs but a fragile soft body. They’re like a silky bantam with giant legs … we’re definitely going to challenge the team to get a picture of any signs of kiwi activity when they’re servicing the turbines, and will come out and have a listen.”

Rawiri Walsh performing a health check, with WCC rangers and Capital Kiwi staff looking on.

We’re sitting back at the Meridian headquarters. Exultant members of the many groups who made this happen are bonding over kai. Holden Hohaia calls over Rawiri Walsh, who he calls “‘the glue”’ between Te Āti Awa Taranaki Whānui and Capital Kiwi. His role title is ‘Kaimanaaki Kiwi’, which he preferred to ‘kaitiaki’ as he doesn’t see his role as ”standing over the birds protecting them” but to “awhi and support”. He’s also the iwi liaison, caring for the iwi and hapū who visit and give birds, as well as the birds themselves.

A few days later, my hair’s being ripped out by low branches as I follow Ash, conversation dog-in-training, and beeps from a kiwi transmitter being picked up by Walsh’s aerial.

We reach a clearing where a male kiwi, released in March, has made a home. He’s named Hohaia in honour of Holden and his whānau. While performing a health check, Walsh tells me, “we’ve named every manu to date and know who named it. It’s another way of reconnection through whakapapa.” 

Capital Kiwi Operations Manager Pete Kirkman with Ash, conservation dog-in-training.

Today, Walsh is looking after a rōpū of park rangers from Wellington City Council. With kiwi roaming onto council land, it’s likely they’ll get a call if a bird is hurt by a car or a dog. Hohaia (the kiwi) is handed to a council biodiversity specialist who comments, “this is like the first time I held a baby. He’s the same weight as my son when he was born.”

Kiwi are a lot more hardy and industrious than babies, however. One kiwi in the project area travelled 10km in 10 days. Male kiwi defend burrows against predators when nesting, and with their sharp claws, they can fend off stoats, possums, rats, and mice (check out this epic fight between a kiwi and possum caught on a trail camera). Cameras have also picked up one burrow stocked up with cave wētā. They also live long lives. One kiwi, Anahera, is in her mid-forties at least, living at Otorohanga Kiwi House since 1980 before she was translocated.

Hohaia, a recently released kiwi.

The team is happy with Hohaia’s condition. He’s over 2kg and has put on weight since March. At 110mm, his beak is long for a male. Jeff Hall, another conservation specialist, said they perform health checks on birds within a couple of months of release. “Given the stress of translocation, we expect birds will lose some condition, but we’ve been extremely pleasantly surprised because most birds put on significant weight. It shows they’re finding everything they need out here.” Ward chips in. “Sometimes we joked they were nipping to Karori for takeaways they were putting on so much weight.”

Within 12 months of the first translocation, birds were breeding, which kiwi will only do when they know the conditions are right. The first chicks to get through to stoat-proof weight – 1.2kg – did so in four months, rather than the 6 to 8 months the team expected. They’re all ‘really big ticks’ for the project, says Hall.

Ash taking a careful look at Tamatea.

Later in the day, we find Tamatea, named for the moon phase from when he was caught at Maungatautari. He’s put on 100 grams since March and dug himself a deep burrow into the steep hillside. Pete Kirkman, Capital Kiwi’s Operations Manager, is 6’4” and could only just reach him in there. He tells me kiwi can burrow up to 1.5 metres.

Tamatea sleeps in a park ranger’s arms as Hall swaps out his transmitter. Only 20 of the 140 birds have transmitters at the moment. Kirkman tells me they keep the transmitters on for a year, after which “we have a good idea of survival. We can then follow up with monitoring in less invasive ways, like with surveys and dogs. Every bird released has a microchip, any bird we catch without one was born here.”

Scrambling back down the hill, one of the Wellington park rangers reflects that the challenge now is to empower the public to educate each other about protecting these manu. “Dogs on leads, cats in at night, report any roaming dogs you see” are the kinds of behaviour changes he hopes will come from people knowing these birds are in our backyard.

The cat question is a delicate one. Not all the bird species whose populations have benefitted from predator control in Wellington have the same natural advantages as kiwi (ie weapon-like claws), so everyone’s very careful to emphasise the need for responsible cat ownership. 

Ward and Hall say they’ve seen huge shifts in public awareness in Wellington over the last few years. “People are more than willing to be guardians of kiwi and our other manu,” Ward says. “It’s about just enjoying and celebrating that we’re a capital city that’s restored our national icon and taonga to its hills.”

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Images by Tina Tiller
Images by Tina Tiller

SocietyJune 1, 2024

The entire history of my nose

Images by Tina Tiller
Images by Tina Tiller

From my Greek great-grandfather all the way to the cosmetic surgeon’s office.

The Sunday Essay is made possible thanks to the support of Creative New Zealand.

In a lush waiting room in a renovated Remuera villa, I shift restlessly on the edge of my chair. I’m ridiculously early. I spent 20 minutes in the car outside and now I’m passing the remaining 15 staring at the ornate flowers on display. They’re flawless.  I wonder how often they are replaced.

I’ve been waiting six months for this appointment, on top of the 28 years it took to accumulate enough nerve to book a consultation for a nose job, but the final minutes seem to stretch into infinitely dividing segments. 

Five minutes after my appointment time, the surgeon appears from his office and ushers me in. He directs me to a seat adjacent to his desk and asks me what I am here for, like I might be at the post office or VTNZ — not in the office of a cosmetic and ENT surgeon.

Like asking a mechanic to take a look under the hood, I remove my mask and offer up my nose for his assessment. 

He enquires if it is mum’s or dad’s nose. “Mum’s,” I respond. I show him pictures of models on Pinterest and ask for “an Instagram-perfect nose”. 

For an hour he inspects, prods, measures and morphs my nose. The verdict: “A challenge.”

In a surgical plan, the surgeon explains how every aspect of my inheritance will be corrected: shave cartilage off the hump, fix the overgrown right septum to straighten and widen the nose, pull the tip up (moulded with the same cartilage) and finish with a fascia graft from behind the right ear. 

“We’ll take 12mm off, which is as much as you ever take off a hump,” the surgeon says, as casually as if he was sculpting clay.

$24,000 would afford me a three hour, 45 minute surgery. “That’s a lot of money,” comments a friend. I agree with them. But I tallied up that, over the years, I had spent more than that on makeup, hair, and clothes, all to divert attention from my nose. It was a black hole that inhaled my time and energy, and no retail therapy had made the void any less deep.

At 16, I came into the full expression of my phenotype and my nose became a focal point of my insecurities. I never looked at myself in photographs, but in a mirror and using the front-facing camera on my phone I could adjust the boundaries to reflect a flattering image, one where the light made my nose appear straight and the hump a mere curve. A picture that captured me as I saw myself, not as I really was. 

On the day of the surgery, a nurse takes me through pre-op. One look at my nose and she declares, “You’re going to be so happy with the results.” She hands me paracetamol and nose spray.

“Is it a Roman nose?” she asks me. 

I shake my head. “Greek,” I reply. 

You can find my great grandfather, John Paul Galatti, on the Agelastos family genealogy website. Attached to a record of birth and death is his photograph – broad forehead, close-set eyes and a large aquiline nose that draws the eye from hump to downturned tip as it slants to the right. The picture itself is lemon-tinged with bleached corners, but the nose’s curvature doesn’t come out in the wash.

The origin of the nose was under ethnic speculation for a long time. My grandfather changed his last name after the second world war and died soon after I was born, but in a photo of my christening I can see the family resemblance in him and my mother as they stand on the church steps, my mother holding me in her arms. Despite replacing Galatti with the inoffensive, British “Allison”, the nose remained across three generations. Being christened with my mother’s maiden name as my middle name was just another iteration of mismatched name and nose.

 According to my mother, her father changed his last name after World War II. Stationed in Italy in 1948, a superior officer strongly suggested that a name like “Galatti” was not suitable for an English captain. As a child I was drawn to the emphatic and unique sound “Galatti”. Hearing what could have been my middle name, had it not been surrendered for the mundane “Allison”, provoked an unsteady feeling, a small grief for something I never had.

On surgery day, I sit fidgeting in the pre-op room about as bare as the day I was christened, clad only in a surgical gown and my underwear, ready to rid myself of my inheritance. Finally, I am led towards the operating room. Without my glasses, I stumble blind amongst smears of blue and the scent of antiseptic. I climb onto the surgical table and the nurse tucks me into white hospital sheets so stiff and sterile they crunch like a bowl of cereal. 

“Are you excited?” the anesthesiologist asks me, pulling out my arms from the covers and rubbing the crook of my elbow with sterile wipes. “I am,” I say, but I am also terrified of going under. Maybe it’s just to soothe any pre-op jitters, but no one says quite what I’m expecting them to, which is something like, “But I don’t notice your nose”, or, “You don’t need a nose job”. Comments suggesting that my relationship with my nose is a failure in self acceptance. 

I look like my mum, is that such a bad thing? 

Yet, my brother was spared the affliction and my aunt had a rhinoplasty in the 90s, before you could window shop noses on social media. 

A cool liquid is piped into my vein and it becomes very, very easy to submerge into the bed. As if there is nothing between the table top and the blanket, as if I simply don’t exist for the next three hours and 45 minutes. 

I enjoy the existential break. 

I wake up with foamy limbs and a numb nose, back in my T-shirt and leggings and not knowing how I got dressed. It takes a minute for my memories to return from the chronological skip in time. The nurse is here again, giving me cheese sandwiches and telling me how beautiful the result is. I brush my fingers over my nose, imagining a straight bridge, but feeling the hard cast in its place. The nurse hands me a mirror and there is the gauze equivalent of two bloody tampons up my nose. 

At home, my partner feeds me painkillers and tucks me into bed propped upright. I am sore, cramping and euphoric, on a comedown from the anaesthesia and morphine. Giddy, I send my closest friends pictures of my current state; black eyes, nose tampons and all. I wake up constantly in the night, unable to breath through my nose. My mouth and tongue are painfully arid.

In the morning, I go back to the clinic to have my gauze removed. My right nostril – the problem one – spurts blood all over my T-shirt. For 10 minutes, I soak gauze until it’s dense with red. Finally the blood dries up and I can take a light-headed breath through both nostrils. I’m again given a mirror, and even with the white fibrecast splint around my nose, I can see the tip is upturned and the hump is gone. 

A week later, I have my cast removed. On the reveal, I look at my reflection and I am underwhelmed. After a week of settling in, instead of this miraculous transformation, there’s just my nose, there, looking as it always should have. 

At home, I practise modelling my new face. I cover up the remaining bruising with a thick slather of concealer to preview the final transformation. Using the front-facing camera, I no longer have to angle myself to make my nose appear straight. It is linear in all planes now. 

During my first week back at work, I expect to be called out, uncovered, revealed, but no one says a thing. My own parents have no idea until I confess to them my secret; only then do they notice my profile no longer matches my mother’s. “It looks nice, but I can’t actually remember what your nose looked like,” says one friend. Then I pull out my phone and show them a slideshow of my transformation. There is a hushed “Oh” when they compare my before with my after, but I realise no one associated me with having a big nose. To them, I was just Hannah: not in parts, but a complete picture. 

I return a year later for my final post-op check up. The surgeon once again leads me into his office, saying, “I was just looking at your pre-op pictures – I remember this nose, it was a challenge!”

The dialogue between the surgeon and me is polite but superficial as he looks up my nostrils for the final time. “What an improvement it is! Doesn’t it look better now?” he says, checking behind my ear. What I hear is how awful an affliction my previous nose must have been.

The question he should have asked was, “Do you feel better now?” Because I do. With no trunk space to store my insecurity, there’s been room to grow and to shape a much richer, fuller life for myself.

The surgeon asks if he’s able to use my photos for his website and Instagram and I give him permission. I’m not ashamed about the before or the after, but as I get my final set of photos taken I think about an alternate family history. One where my nose had a connection to culture and identity and was not so readily traded in for a more conventionally aesthetic model. 

I want to yell at my surgeons to stop treating big noses as some kind of genealogical failing. 

My own nose was a failing of the paternal line: my grandfather was born in Calcutta in 1924 after a shotgun marriage between his Greek American father and English expatriate mother. Shortly after, his father abandoned his wife and son, leaving them to re-immigrate to England a few years later. 

My grandfather never saw his father again, so changing his last name during the war to gain his captain’s commission was inconsequential.  

My own nose put up a fight. When swelling went down a wisp of the bump still remained — 12mm was not enough to completely erase my ancestry, but these days I can appreciate the parts of me that aren’t so easily cut out. 

My mother is the final keeper of the nose now. One day I may have a baby girl and she may resemble her grandmother more than her own mother. One day she too may make a choice to change the expression of the genes she inherited.

That’s the wonder of the things we inherit: sometimes they define who we are, sometimes they are ours to redefine.