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Photo: Getty Images; design by Tina Tiller
Photo: Getty Images; design by Tina Tiller

SocietyMarch 15, 2024

Five years since the Christchurch terror attacks, are our online spaces any safer?

Photo: Getty Images; design by Tina Tiller
Photo: Getty Images; design by Tina Tiller

Since 2019, extremist groups have become increasingly sophisticated in exploiting online platforms, and New Zealand lags behind in regulation.

How long is five years? It’s enough time for a newborn to grow into a school-aged child, learning language and movement in those intervening years. It’s enough time for a sapling to grow a good canopy, crown and shade. And yet. Not enough time to recover, to forget, to carry on as if nothing had happened. We cannot get over it.

The fifth anniversary of the Christchurch mosques attack is a time to remember, a time to take stock, a time to keep doing the mahi to protect our future.

That day, a 28-year-old man walked calmly into two mosques and cold-bloodedly murdered worshippers. What would cause a man to hate a group of people so much? It was Nelson Mandela who reminded us that we are not born to hate people because of the colour of their skin, their background or their religion. This is something we learn.

This terrorist learned to be racist from a young age, no doubt influenced by his environment. According to the Royal Commission report, he also became more racist as a result of his extensive travels after the death of his father from cancer.

Tributes across the road from the Dean Avenue mosque in Christchurch, New Zealand shortly after March 15, 2019 (Photo: MARTY MELVILLE/AFP/Getty Images)

This attack was the first one where technology played a specific role in the dissemination of the livestream video of the event. Technology played another role that was not new. Radicalisation online had been growing in the 2010s, and we know the killer was active in a number of spaces.

He was heavily involved with online gaming from a young age, and we know that “extremists are exploiting online gaming and gaming-adjacent sites to promote hatred and violence“. We know he was participating in a rightwing Facebook group that was banned, under the handle Barry-Harry-Tarry. He donated to Stefan Molyneux’s YouTube channel, and credits YouTube with influencing his thinking.

There is some missing information. The terms of reference of the Royal Commission of Inquiry into the terrorist attack on Christchurch masjidain precluded investigations into organisations outside of the public sector. We don’t know who interacted with him in the online gaming space, nor what YouTube’s recommender algorithms were serving him. There is no inquiry or process that will investigate these matters, yet they require investigation both for this killer and subsequent mass murderers overseas.

The online environment over the last five years has changed in many ways. We saw the impacts of QAnon and conspiracy theories, and the rise of disinformation online. There is growing state activity focused on disruption, for example from Russia in the disinformation space and the suppression of information. Many states run troll farms apart from Russia, particularly India, but also China, Brazil and the United States, among others.

Extremist groups are also increasingly sophisticated in exploiting online platforms, testing the boundaries of moderation policies and using a variety of techniques.

On the other hand, we are seeing over-censorship. Internet shutdowns have become increasingly common, with India having the highest number. States have been geo-blocking websites and platforms for years, and are also blocking particular accounts related to journalists and activists. Added to the mix is generative AI, which blurs even further the line between reality and manufactured content.

Platforms’ own censorship decisions sit on top of this. While free speech arguments are often used as a reason for failing to apply their own moderation policies around white supremacist and transphobic content, there has been heavy moderation of pro-Palestinian voices. Journalist David Farrier has written about his experience of being shadow-banned since the start of the latest Gaza conflict.

Jacinda Ardern and Emmanuel Macron at the May 15 2019 press conference on the Christchurch Call (Photo: Getty Images)

Our government’s response since the attacks has been varied. The Christchurch Call to Action will celebrate its fifth anniversary in May. As a multi-stakeholder forum, it had a lot of promise. It has had some effectiveness in preventing livestreaming of attacks through the Global Internet Forum to Counter Terrorism, but the reduction in size of trust and safety teams by major platforms over the last year has been of significant concern. Support from the current government is not assured.

There have been changes to domestic legislation such as the Films, Videos and Publications Classifications Act and the counter-terrorism legislation. These have given the government greater powers but it’s difficult to know if they have been impactful. A takedown notice to far-right social media platform Gab about objectionable material related to the Christchurch attacks resulted in the notice being posted publicly, which encouraged that material to be shared widely on mainstream social media.

One of the major pieces of work last year was the consultation by the Department of Internal Affairs on Safer Online Services and Media Platforms. Our legislation on media regulation is out of date, and unlike overseas countries, we have little regulation of online platforms. In the last five years, the EU has passed the Digital Services Act and the UK has the Online Safety Act, as has Australia.

The report from this consultation should have been released by September 2022, and yet we are no closer to ensuring our online spaces work for the benefit of our citizens and protect us from other states’ disruption, negative impacts of platforms, and the exploitation of online spaces by extremist groups.

Today we remember those who were lost and those impacted by the awful events five years ago in Christchurch. Let’s also remember that there is critical work to be done to ensure our online spaces don’t create another terrorist with another trail of grief.

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Toby Manhire
— Editor-at-large
Keep going!
Snooping has its uses. (Image: Tina Tiller)
Snooping has its uses. (Image: Tina Tiller)

SocietyMarch 14, 2024

Help Me Hera: How do I stop being the nosiest person alive?

Snooping has its uses. (Image: Tina Tiller)
Snooping has its uses. (Image: Tina Tiller)

I know it’s a bad trait but I can’t handle not knowing things. How do I stop being such a snoop?

Want Hera’s help? Email your problem to helpme@thespinoff.co.nz

Dear Hera,

I am the nosiest person alive. This is probably my worst trait. I truly cannot handle not knowing things. There are, of course, many, many things a person should not snoop around and find: the legal names of people who wish to remain anonymous, the marital history of a bad professor (juicy, but like, super creepy to find out), decade-old tweets from random authors, junk in the drawer of a house I’m pet-sitting in. 

To be clear, I do not and would never do anything with this information. I hate having the information, because I’m worried I’ll accidentally spill that I know it to whomever it concerns (which happened once in my tween years). 

I know this is a terrible habit. How do I leave well enough alone and stop acting like a truffle pig when I see snooping potential? 

Yours truly,

Snoop 

a line of dice with blue dots

Dear Snoop,

As I was reading your letter, I couldn’t help noticing the thematic similarities to one of the greatest children’s books of all time, Harriet the Spy, by Louise Fitzhugh. Harriet is one of life’s constitutional busybodies, with an intense and unquenchable curiosity about other people’s lives. She writes:

“I’m going to find out everything about everybody and put it all in a book. The book is going to be called Secrets by Harriet M Welsch. I will also have photographs in it and maybe some medical charts if I can get them.”

Harriet discovers the secrets of everyone in her school and neighbourhood, and dutifully records them all in her spy notebook, alongside other “candid” observations (“If Marion Hawthorne doesn’t watch out, she’s going to grow up into a lady Hitler.”) When her notebook is discovered and read by the kids in her class, they ostracise her. 

There are many reasons to love Harriet the Spy. Not only is it a delightful and moving work of art, full of unforgettable one-liners and stunningly profound non-sequiturs, but it also has a complex moral arc.  Harriet eventually makes amends with her classmates. But she doesn’t do so by gaining a deeper respect for the privacy of others. Instead, Harriet learns the importance of a lie. 

“Sometimes you have to lie. But to yourself you must always tell the truth.”

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Harriet’s predilection for uncovering secrets gets her in plenty of trouble, but it’s also what makes her such an interesting and endearing character. It is, in fact,  what makes her a writer. The book doesn’t betray Harriet by seeking to rehabilitate her. Instead, she learns the power of diplomacy and the necessity of telling the occasional falsehood, to protect the feelings of others. She also, presumably, learns not to leave her notebook lying around. 

Reading your letter, I was thinking about how much Harriet the Spy would love the internet. There’s so much to be discovered! We all voluntarily surrender so much information about ourselves, both accidentally and intentionally. I often think about the future of the biography market. Sure, you can learn a lot from looking through Virginia Woolf’s personal correspondence. But that’s a radically different insight to what you might discover if you had access to her browser history. It’s basically impossible to get away with murder these days, not least because every criminal thinks googling “how to dispose of body” on Firefox incognito mode is somehow private.

There’s a wealth of good gossip out there, whether it’s a forensic investigation into whether Pete Buttigieg edits his own Wikipedia page, whether the recent Kate Middleton photos are AI-generated, or more ornery pleasures like conservative pastors accidentally tweeting “ladies and girls kissing.”

I sympathise with your letter because I’m also a profoundly nosy person. I like to know everything about everyone, whether they’re a dead king mouldering beneath a British car park, or the second wife of my sister’s postman’s chiropractor, whom I’ve never met but is, apparently, undergoing a very nasty divorce. 

Personally, I don’t think there’s anything wrong with being curious. I’d argue that being a nosy person is a morally neutral trait. You can’t be an investigative journalist without a predilection to snoop. Or a private detective. Or psychotherapist. Or even an international spy. Many of the best writers, like Elizabeth Strout or Truman Capote, have a highly tuned ear for gossip. 

There’s a difference, of course,  between gossip and snooping. Gossip involves the malicious transmission of sensitive personal information. It’s also great fun, but less easy to ethically defend. We all have things in our lives we’d prefer others not to share. But people who love gossip are, at heart, people with a deep interest in the lives of others. Not just the scandalous, miserly details, but all of the good stuff too. As Ole Golly says, “There are as many ways to live in this world as there are people in this world, and each one deserves a closer look.” 

My advice to you is not to quit being nosy. My advice is to be judicious about what to be nosy about. You have to know when your curiosity is delicious and harmless, a lovely weekend activity, akin to bird spotting (which, when you get down to brass tacks, is just snooping on birds) and when that curiosity involves a breach of trust. The difference mostly has to do with emotional proximity. 

You say you can’t handle not knowing things. This is a good trait when you’re scouring the private calendar of the CEO of Exxon Mobil for a long-form article about corporate negligence. But giving people you love the Sherlock Holmes treatment is no way to build trust. If you find yourself bringing your detective skills to bear on your romantic relationships, or reading your children’s diaries, that’s not harmless. Snooping on people you love isn’t curiosity, it’s a manifestation of untreated anxiety which will slowly erode all your closest relationships and eventually leave you bereft of any true intimacy. 

There’s also information that is legally none of your business, like if you’re employed by an organisation with access to sensitive information. Obviously, you shouldn’t look up people’s medical records, unless you want to be struck off the medical register. 

But apart from a few obvious caveats, I say go ham. Cheating professors, the medicine cabinet of Airbnb owners, celebrity gossip, tragic stories about people you used to go to school with, the deleted tweets of politicians, the JFK assassination. In my view, these are all fair game. 

I’d go one step further, and suggest that your predilection to snoop might be worth channelling into a profession.  You could get work as a researcher, or try to expose the financial crimes of tobacco lobbyists. You could train to be a therapist. You could start a private detective agency. You could even turn your hand to fiction. As long as you remember, in the words of Ole Golly, “writing is to put love in the world, not to use against your friends.”

Want Hera’s help? Email your problem to helpme@thespinoff.co.nzRead all the previous Help Me Heras here.